Description
Synonymy - we omitted 7 synonyms from Scott and Crossman's (1973) list.
Potentially Misidentified Species - C. clupeaformis was unsuccessfully introduced to Chesapeake Bay (Smiley 1884; Hughlett and Delawder 1884). Twelve other Coregonus spp. are known from northern regions of North America (Scott and Crossman 1973).
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Salmoniformes | Salmonidae | Coregonus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | Failed | Contracting | Introduced | Regular Resident | North America | North America | Fisheries(Fisheries Intentional) |
History of Spread
Coregonus artedi (Cisco) is native to the St. Lawrence- Great Lakes, Arctic, and upper Mississippi Basins, Quebec-Northwest Territories south to OH-MN (Page and Burr 1991). In its native range, this fish is endangered in Lakes Ontario and Erie; and is rare and possibly threatened in Michigan, rare in Huron; and declining in Superior (Becker 1983). It has been 'introduced sparingly' outside its native range and 'requires deep inland lakes, generally more than 10 m deep, and preferably with infertile waters' (Becker 1983). Coregonus artedi is established in the Missouri River drainage (MT-MO) and in portions of the Arctic (MN), northen Mississippi (MN, IL), and Great Lakes drainages (NY) outside its native range (Florida Caribbean Science Center 2002).
Susquehanna River - Coregonus artedi is native to the Finger Lakes (NY) just north of the drainage. It was not found in surveys of the upper Susquehanna in PA ( Fowler (1919; Fowler 1948; Bielo 1963) or NY (Greeley 1936). This species was introduced into the Susquehanna watershed at Harvey's Lake, Luzerne County PA, in 1969-1972 (Denoncourt et al. 1975). Coregonus artedi is included in lists of fish species for MD (Lee et al. 1980; Lee et al. 1981; McKeown 1984; McKeown 1984) because of one specimen which was collected below Conowingo Dam in 1972 (Norden 1995). Lee et al. (1981) reported that a population of this fish existed in the River or Conowingo Reservoir, but no further specimens were found (Norden 1995 personal communication). The single fish probably dispersed downstream from Harvey's Lake. The current status of the population in Harvey's Lake is unknown (Florida Caribbean Science Center 2002).
The lower Susquehanna River, Conowingo Pond and the Chesapeake Bay appear to be far outside the tolerance range of this cold-water fish (Becker 1983).
History References - Becker 1983; Bielo 1963; Denoncourt et al. 1975b; Florida Caribbean Science Center 2002; Fowler 1919; Fowler 1948; Greeley 1939; Lee et al. 1980; Lee et al. 1981; McKeown 1984; Norden 1995 personal communication; Page and Burr 1991; Scott and Crossman 1973;
Invasion Comments
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 0.0 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 |
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Coregonus artedi was a failed introduction with no economic importance in Chesapeake Bay. Only a single fish has been collected in the lower Susquehanna (Norden 1995 personal communication). We have no information on its establishment or economic impacts in the watershed.
References- Norden 1995 personal communication
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Coregonus artedi (Cisco is important in the Great Lakes as a food fish, and as forage fish for the Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush and other large predators (Scott and Crossman 1973). It has been stocked in 9 states, and has established nonnative populations in MT and MN, but its economic importance outside its native range is not known (Fuller et al. 1999).
References- Fuller et al. 1999; Scott and Crossman 1973
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
The presence of Coregonus artedi (Cisco) in Chesapeake Bay tributaries is based on a single specimen collected below Conowingo Dam, Susquehanna River; in the 1970's (McKeown 1984; Norden 1995). We consider it a failed introduction, with no impact on Conowingo Pond or Susquehanna biotic communities.
References - McKeown 1984; Norden 1995 personal communication
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Coregonus artedi (Cisco), as a failed introduction, had no known impact on introduced fishes in the Susquehanna River or Chesapeake Bay.
References
Becker, George C. (1983) Fishes of Wisconsin, , Madison. Pp.Bielo, Robert J. (1963) A fishery investigation of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, In: (Eds.) . , Newark. Pp.
Carlander, Kenneth D. (1969) Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1., In: (Eds.) . , Ames. Pp.
Denoncourt, Robert F.; Robbins, Timothy W.; Hesser, Robert (1975) Recent introductions and reintroductions to the Pennsylvania fish fauna of the Susquehanna River drainage above Conowingo Dam, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 49: 57-58
1996 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/
Fowler, Henry W. (1919) A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 32: 49-74
Fowler, Henry W. (1948) A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania., Bulletin of the Board of Fish Commisioners, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 7: 1-26
Fuller, Pam. L.; Nico, Leo; Williams, J. D. (1999) Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States, , Bethesda MD. Pp.
Greeley, J. R. (1936) A biological survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna watersheds., In: (Eds.) . , Albany, N. Y.. Pp.
Greeley, J. R. (1937) A Biological Survey of the Lower Hudson Watersheds, Supplement to 26th Annual Report, 1936 , Albany, N. Y.. Pp.
Hughlett, Thomas, Delawder, G. W. (1884) Report of the Commisioners of Fisheries of Maryland, , Annapolis MD. Pp.
Lee, David S.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Jenkins, Robert E.; McAllister, Don E.; Stauffer, Jay R. (1980) Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes, , Raleigh. Pp.
Lee, David S.; Platania, S. P.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Franz, Richard; Norden, Arnold (1981) A revised list of the freshwater fishes of Maryland and Delaware, Proceedings of the Southeastern Fishes Council 3: 1-9
McKeown, Paul E. (1984) Additions to ichthyofauna of the Susquehanna River with a checklist of fishes of the Susquehanna River drainage below Conowingo Dam, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 58: 187-192
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Scott, W. B.; Crossman, E. J. (1973) Freshwater fishes of Canada, , Ottawa. Pp.
Smiley, Charles W. (1884) A statistical review of the production and distribution to public waters of young fish, by the United States Fish Commission, from its organization, to the close of 1880., Report of the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries for 1881 :
Susquehanna River Anadromous Fish Restoration Committee (1996) Restoration of American Shad to the Susquehanna River, , . Pp.